掌握 JavaScript 类实例化：深入探讨显式构造函数

            class Animal {
  constructor(name, species) {
    this.name = name;
    this.species = species;
  }

  makeSound() {
    console.log("Generic animal sound");
  }
}

            

              
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            class Car {
  // No constructor defined - implicit constructor is used
  startEngine() {
    console.log("Engine started!");
  }
}

const myCar = new Car();
myCar.startEngine(); // Output: Engine started!

            

              
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            class Book {
  constructor(title, author, pages) {
    this.title = title;
    this.author = author;
    this.pages = pages;
  }

  getDescription() {
    return `${this.title} by ${this.author}, ${this.pages} pages`;
  }
}

const myBook = new Book("The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", "Douglas Adams", 224);
console.log(myBook.getDescription()); // Output: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, 224 pages

            

              
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            class Rectangle {
  constructor(width, height) {
    if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
      throw new Error("Width and height must be positive values.");
    }
    this.width = width;
    this.height = height;
  }

  getArea() {
    return this.width * this.height;
  }
}

try {
  const invalidRectangle = new Rectangle(-5, 10);
} catch (error) {
  console.error(error.message); // Output: Width and height must be positive values.
}

const validRectangle = new Rectangle(5, 10);
console.log(validRectangle.getArea()); // Output: 50

            

              
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            class Product {
  constructor(name, price = 0, quantity = 1) {
    this.name = name;
    this.price = price;
    this.quantity = quantity;
  }

  getTotalValue() {
    return this.price * this.quantity;
  }
}

const product1 = new Product("Laptop", 1200);
console.log(product1.getTotalValue()); // Output: 1200

const product2 = new Product("Keyboard");
console.log(product2.getTotalValue()); // Output: 0

            

              
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            class UserProfile {
  constructor(userId) {
    // Simulate fetching user data from an API
    const userData = this.fetchUserData(userId);

    this.userId = userId;
    this.username = userData.username;
    this.email = userData.email;
  }

  fetchUserData(userId) {
    // In a real application, this would be an actual API call
    const users = {
      123: { username: "john_doe", email: "john.doe@example.com" },
      456: { username: "jane_smith", email: "jane.smith@example.com" },
    };

    return users[userId] || { username: "Guest", email: "guest@example.com" };
  }
}

const user1 = new UserProfile(123);
console.log(user1.username); // Output: john_doe

const user2 = new UserProfile(789); // User ID not found, uses default "Guest" user
console.log(user2.username); // Output: Guest

            

              
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            class Person {
  constructor(firstName, lastName, age) { // firstName, lastName, age are parameters
    this.firstName = firstName;
    this.lastName = lastName;
    this.age = age;
  }

  getFullName() {
    return `${this.firstName} ${this.lastName}`;
  }
}

const myPerson = new Person("Alice", "Wonderland", 30); // "Alice", "Wonderland", 30 are arguments
console.log(myPerson.getFullName()); // Output: Alice Wonderland

            

              
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            class Vehicle {
  constructor(make, model) {
    this.make = make;
    this.model = model;
  }

  getDescription() {
    return `${this.make} ${this.model}`;
  }
}

class Car extends Vehicle {
  constructor(make, model, numDoors) {
    super(make, model); // Call the parent class's constructor
    this.numDoors = numDoors;
  }

  getDescription() {
    return `${super.getDescription()}, ${this.numDoors} doors`;
  }
}

const myCar = new Car("Toyota", "Camry", 4);
console.log(myCar.getDescription()); // Output: Toyota Camry, 4 doors

            

              
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            class Employee {
  constructor(name, salary, department) {
    this.name = name;
    this.salary = salary;
    this.department = department;
  }

  static createFromDetails(name, salary) {
    return new Employee(name, salary, "Unassigned");
  }

  static createFromExisting(existingEmployee, newSalary) {
    return new Employee(existingEmployee.name, newSalary, existingEmployee.department);
  }
}

const emp1 = new Employee("Alice", 60000, "Engineering");
const emp2 = Employee.createFromDetails("Bob", 50000); // Using a static factory method
const emp3 = Employee.createFromExisting(emp1, 70000); // Creating a new employee based on an existing one

console.log(emp1);
console.log(emp2);
console.log(emp3);

            

              
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